Electron discharge device with fiber optic end wall



eb. 2,1, 1967 E. E. sHELDoN ELECTRON DISCHARGE DEVICE WITH FIBER OPTIC END WALL Original Filed March l1. 1954 5 Sheets-Sheet l "N mw im Hmm, QN

RR mm` S n ew Q AWO/YNEY 3395599 0R maso/227 Feb. 21, 196? E. E. sHELDoN 3,305,690

ELECTRON DISCHARGE DEVICE WITH FIBER OFTIC END WALL Original Filed March 1l, 1954 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 if ffwwf eb. 21, 19 E. E. sHELDoN ELECTRON DISCHARGE DEVICE WITH FIBER OPTIC END WALL Original Filed March 1l, 1954 hal/7 50u/ere United States Patent O 3,305,690 ELECTRON DISCHARGE DEVICE WITH FIBER OPTIC END WALL Edward Emanuel Sheldon, 30 E. 40th St., New York, N.Y. 11014 Application Feb. 2, 1962, Ser. No. 170,745, now Patent No. 3,205,390, dated Sept. 7, 1965, which is a division of Ser. No. 785,849, Jan. 9, 1959, now Patent No. 3,027,477, dated Mar. 27, 1962, which in turn is a dlvision of Ser. No. 415,699, Mar. 11, 1954, now Patent No. 2,877,368, dated Mar. 10, 1959. Divided and this application Jan. 27, 1965, Ser. No. 428,483

Claims. (Cl. Z50-227) This invention relates to a novel instrument for examination of the interior of the parts, channels or passages which are inaccessible to the examiner and is a division of my copending application Serial No. 170,745, filed February 2, 1962 and now U.S. Patent No. 3,205,390 which was copending with and was a division of U.S. Patents 3,027,477, tiled on January 9, 1959, and 2,877,- 368, filed on March 1l, 1954. Due to the inability of light to pass around corners, the present instruments used for such examination have to be straight and rigid so that the eye of the examiner and the examined part are in one straight line. The instruments using optical lenses or prisms will not help in the situation when the shape and the size of the examined part is variable and unknown in advance. In such a case, the position of the curves and angulations in the examined parts or passages is unknown and therefore the lenses or prisms cannot be positioned to anticipate deviations of the axis of the examined channel from the straight line.

The purpose of this invention is to provide means for inspection of inaccessible channels, such as hollow parts of machinery or of other inaccessible tortuous passages. My device may be introduced inside of a part which cannot be inspected visually without dismantling or destroying the whole machine and will transmit the image of said part to the observer outside of said part. My invention will be especially useful for the examination of coils and pipes or other curved structures. My device can be also used as a probe to be inserted into a solid object and to transmit information about its internal structure.

Another objective of my invention is to intensify the image of the examined internal parts or passages so that the final image will be presented to the observer with the luminosity facilitating inspection of said image.

Another purpose of my invention is to enable simultaneous observation of said inaccessible parts by many examiners, situated in close or remote locations, which was not possible until now.

Another objective of this invention is to change, decrease or amplify the contrast of the image of the eX- amined part.

The objectives of my invention are realized by a novel device which is flexible to allow its introduction into the examined part regardless of its curvatures or angulations and which after its introduction into the examined part will produce a light image of said part, will next convert said light image into video signals and will transmit said video signals outside of said part. Video signals are reconverted in receivers outside of the examined part into visible images for inspection or recording. My intrascopic device can produce black and white images, as well as multicolor images, showing faithfully or arbitrarily the colors of the examined part.

In particular this novel device makes use of a television pick-up tube consisting of two separate independent elements which can be introduced separately into the examined part and which after introduction work in cooperation as a television camera. As each of these two "ice separate elements is smaller in size than any conventional television camera can be made, this novel television camera can be introduced into locations which, because of small size or tortuous shape of passages leading to them, were inaccessible to the most miniaturized television cameras known in the art.

Another marked improvement in my novel television camera is elimination of magnetic deflecting coils which are bulky and occupy so much space that even a small television tube using them cannot be introduced into narrow passages. The use of conventional electrostatic deflecting system results into a marked distortion of images especially in pick-up tubes using the slow scanning electron beam. These drawbacks are eliminated in my intrascope and therefore in spite of its very small size it is capable of producing images of good definition and contrast.

In some applications even this novel intrascope utilizing a pick-up tube divided into two separate independent elements cannot be introduced into very narrow or tortuous passages. In such cases I use a novel image conductor in combination with my television pick-up tube. The novel image conductor consists of a liexible guide of material having a high index of refraction and critical angle of reilection which prevents the escape of the light from said guide. The novel image conductor may be made of any desired size or shape and therefore it can penetrate the most inaccessible locations and can transmit the image therefrom to the television pick-up tube or directly to the outside to the observer.

In the drawings:

FIGURE l represents a partially sectioned view of the novel intrascope;

FIGURES 1a, lb and 1c show a modification of the intrascope;

FIGURE 1d shows an intrascope with a simplilied television camera tube;

FIGURE 2 shows a combination of light image conductor with a television pick-up tube;

FIGURES 2a and 2b represent a modification of the combination comprising an image conductor and a pickup tube;

FIGURE 3 represents a modified embodiment of my intrascope provided with image conductor;

FIGURE 3a represents a modification of my intrascope in which image conductor is in contact with the distal end of the intrascope;

FIGURES 4 and 5 represent a simplified intrascope provided with a light image conductor; and

FIGURE 6 represents an embodiment of my intrascope provided with an image amplifying tube.

The new device which may be called the intrascope 1 is shown in FIGURE l. The handle 2 is a hollow tube of diameter corresponding to the examined part. The handle may 'be rigid or semi-flexible or completely ilexi'ble according to the part to be examined. At the end of the handle begins the flexible part 2a of the intrascope which also has width and length suitable for the size of the examined part. In case the intrascope is used for examination of fragile parts, the part 2a must be very flexible and pliable in order to avoid damage to the wall of the examined part. The basic feature of the material for the flexible part of the intrascope is therefore that it must be easily bent and molded by the walls of the passages in which it is being introduced. Such material may be a suitable plastic, or rubber 26 of the type used by Davol Rubber Company of Providence, Rhode Island, for their gastric tubes. In case the intrascope is used for investigation of sturdy parts or of machinery the part 2a may be obviously more rigid. The flexible part 2a of the intrascope may be in such a case made of the stainless steel spiral sheet designed not only for durability but also to maintain the proper degree of exibility and elasticity. The metal spiral is tapered to insure its uniform bending. The intrascope may be covered with an outer tubing 26a such as of neoprene. This preve-nts dust particles and moisture from affecting the optical and pick-up system located inside of the intrascope. At the end of the flexible part there is a semiflexible tip 3` which may be screwed on the flexible part and can be easily removed giving thereby access to the inner structures of the intrascope. The tip consists of a rubber conical finger and serves to facilitate the gliding of the intrascope within the examined part. In order to facilitate the introduction of the intrascope into parts which have no curves my device can be made semi-rigid by inserting into a semi-rigid stilet. In case the intrascope is used as a probe for insertion into a solid object the tip 3 should be preferably rigid and sharply pointed to be able to pierce the examined object.

In some cases the examined part has to be distended by air or fluid insutflation prior to the examination. A special air pump attachment 44 and a channel 44a in the intrascope is provided for this purpose. The channel 44a also may serve to evacuate contents of the examined part before examination to improve visibility. The knob 45 on the proximal end of tthe intrascope serves to indicate to the examiner the position of windows 12 and 18 of the intrascope. In some cases the layer 26 should be of a dielectric material to prevent any short-circuits.

In the `distal end of the exi-ble part of the intrascope there is a housing box 5 containing the illumination system 7. The box 5 may also be attached to the inner walls of the intrascope :by means of the brackets or may be held by springs. It is obvious that there are many means for attachment of the box 5 which are Well known in the art. All walls of the housing box 5 except the one facing `the television pick-up tube 16- are provided with windows for transmission of the light from the illuminating system 7. These windows are correlated with the windows 12 in the flexible part of the inttrascope which transmit the light from the illuminating system to the examined part. In some cases the windows 12 may be made to extend over the circumference of the i-ntrascope.

In some cases lthe window to transmit illumination from the light source to the examined part may also be provided in the distal end of the intrascope instead of being in its side walls, and in such case the tip may be made of transparent material or may be omitted. Windows 12 may he provided with shutters which can be controlled from the proximal end of the intrascope which is outside of the examined part.

The illuminating system may consist of the electrical bulb 7. The electrical bulb may 5be -mounted in the housing box 5 by means of a socket 7a. In some cases it is advantageous to use .the objective lens 11 4between the light bulb and window 12 in order to concentrate the light on one field. The lens may 'oe held in position by brackets 11a. The light ybulb is activated by the source of electrical power 9 situated outside of the examined part. Such a source may be the commercial electrical current or battery of -dry cells. The ilexi'ble electrical cable 8 leads from the socket 7a to said outside source of electrical current 9. The cable is a lacquered, double insulated electric wire, is covered in addition with liquid rubber and is vulcanized in order to prevent a short circuit. The housing unit 5 may be in some cases omitted and the light source may be attached to the socket 7a which is held by brackets.

In the flexible part 2a proximally to the housing box 5, there is a rigid non-transparent housing compartment 14 containing the optical system 15 and the novel television pick-up tube 16a and 16h. The housing 14 has an opening 17 in which the optical system 15 is lodged and which serves to admit the image of the examined part. This opening is correlated with windows 18 in the ilexible part of the intrascope which transmit the image of CII the examined part. In some cases :the windows 18 may be made to extend over all the circumference of the intrascope. The windows 18 may 'be provided with shutters operated from the proximal end of the intrascope which is externally to the examined part. The housing 14 containing the television pick-up tube 16a and 16b and the optical system may ybe attached to the inner Wall of the flexible part 2a of the intrascope by means of brackets or may be held by springs 27a. As the housing box tits into the encasing holding member 26 and is held by it tightly, in some cases no additional supporting means such as springs are necessary.

The optical system 1S may consist of 90 gable prism 20 and of lens 21. The optical system may have its own housing unit instead of being lodged in the compartment 14 and may be then introduced into the intrascope separately.

In some cases it is desirable to have a large iield of vision and at the same time to preserve the necessary magniiication of the examined part. In such a case instead of the prism 20 a rotating mirror should be used. The mirror has a first surface coating which eliminates the reflections and is activated by the magnetic solenoid placed beneath the mirror. The solenoid is connected by the elastic cable with the controls outside of the examined part and can tip the mirror `from the retrograde position to .the forward position giving thereby an additional field of vision without the necessity of moving the intrascope. The image of the examined part is reflected by the mirror on the objective lens which focuses said image on the photocathode of the novel television pick-up tube 16b described below. In case the magnification of the examined part is not necessary a large field of vision can be obtained `by using the lens providing field of vision instead of the usual 45-50", The image produced bythe optical system is inverted but it can be reverted to the original position either by an additional lens or electronoptically in the viewing tube. The rotating mirror may also serve to admit image either through window 18 or 18a without rotating the whole camera 16.

The housing box 14 contains the novel miniature television camera 16 which was designed to reduce to the minimum the size of the television camera. The television pick-up tubes known previously in the art could be miniaturized only to a certain degree which was not sutiicient in certain applications as some of the examined parts and too small to allow the introduction even of the smallest conventional pick-up tube. This is true especially for the type of tubes having external deilecting coils such as of magnetic or electro-magnetic type, and in such situations, my novel camera 16 will be very suitable as it does not require any external deflecting or focusing coils at all. The camera 16 consists of two vacuum tubes 16a and 16h. The tube 16a has an elect-ron gun 28 which produces an electron beam 29. The electron beam 29 is focused by electrostatic field 30. The electronoptical system `for focusing the electron beam 29 may be simplified and markedly reduced in length by using the unipotential electrostatic lens instead of the usual twolens system. The electron beam 29 is deflected by electrostatic plates 30a and 30b in two perpendicular to each other planes. The electrostatic plates are energized by signals from saw-tooth generators 32 which are situated outside of the examined part. The generators 32 are connected with electrostatic plates 30a and 30b by means of flexible Wires. One deflecting field is produced by the horizontal deflection plates 30a and may have line frequency such as 5-l5,000 cycles per second. Another deecting eld is provided by the vertical deflection plates Stb and may have field frequency such as 15-60 cycles per second. In this way the electron 'beam 29 is made to scan the fluorescent screen 31 in a lregula-r television raster. The deflection system may be further simplied and miniaturized by having only horizontal deflection plates 30a. The vertical deflections 30h are eliminated and the vertical deflection of the lluorescent light spot is provided by the rotating drum 71 with plural mirrors 72 as shown in FIGURE ld. The liuorescent screen 31 may be provided with electron transparent metallic conducting backing layer 31a such as aluminum. The fluorescent screen 31 must be of a phosphor of a very short persistence in order to obtain a good resolution of the image. ZnO has decay time of 1 micro-second and is suitable for this purpose. Still better results may be obtained by means of ZnS phosphor and using only the ultra-violet component of its fluorescent emission which has a decay time of l/lo microsecond. In some cases, it is preferable to make the fluorescent screen 31 of semi-spherical curved shape as it will improve definition of the iiying light spot. The iiuorescent layer 31 may also be deposited on the supporting mesh screen instead of being deposited on the wall of the vacuum tube. This will improve definition of the flying light spot.

The vacuum tube 16a operates in combination with the vacuum tube 1Gb forming together the novel television camera 16. The vacuum tube 1Gb has a photoemiss`ive electrode 33 which may be deposited or attached to one of the walls of said vacuum tube. In some cases it is preferable to provide a light transparent conducting layer 3311 such as of material known in the trade as Nesa, or of compounds of tin or of cadmium, on the side of said photoemissive electrode 33 facing the fluorescent screen 31. The photoemissive electrode 33 may be of CsOAg or of caesium, lithium or rubidium on antimony, arsenic or bismuth. At the opposite end of the vacuum tube 1Gb there is provided photocathode 34 which consists of a light transparent signal plate 34a, a light transparent insulating layer 341') and of a photoemissive mosaic 34e. The signal plate 34a may be a thin transpa-rent layer of metal or other conducting material. The insulating layer 34b may be of mica, silica, or other transparent dielectric material and photoemissive mosaic 34C may be of CsOAg or of caesium, rubidium or lithium on antimony, arsenic or bismuth. In some cases the photoemissive layer 34e may be, instead of a mosaic, also of continuous type. In cases in which electrostatic focusing lield 23 is used to focus the scanning electron beam 33a on the mosaic 34C, `much better resolution will be obtained by making such mosaic of a curved semispherical shape. In addition, the use of such spherically shaped photocathode will eliminate instability of the image which is very marked when using electrostatic fields for focusing a slow electron beam.

The light image of the examined part is projected 'by the optical system on the photocathode 34 of the vacuum tube 16b. The light image produces emission of photoelectrons from the layer 34C. As a result a positive charge image having the pattern of said light image is left on the photoemissive mosaic 34e. Both vacuum tubes 16a and 1611 are held in apposition to each other and in such a manner that the fluorescent screen 31 of the vacuum tube 16a is adjacent to the photoemissive electrode 33 of the tube 15b. The scanning electron beam 29 impinging on the fluorescent screen 31 produces a light spot at each point of its impingement. The scanning illumination excites the photoemissive electrode 33 and produces thereby a line scanning beam of photoelectrons 33a. The photoelectron beam 33a is the scanning type because it is produced by the scanning electron beam 29. The photoelectron beam 33a may be further focused by electrostatic fields 23. In some cases the photoemissive electrode 33 and the mosaic 34 are disposed so close to each other that the focusing fields may be eliminated which will further reduce the size of the vacuum tube 1Gb. When the focusing fields are omitted I found that separation of electrode 33 and mosaic 34 should not exceed 0.25 millimeter.

In a vacuum tube 16h instead of the photoemissive mosaic I may also use a photooonductive photocathode such as shown below in FIGURE 2b. The photoconductive photocathode comprises a conducting signal plate 34a which is connected to the circuit producing video signals and a photoconductive layer 34e deposited thereon as shown in FIGURE 2b. The photoconductive layer may 'be of selenium, zinc selenide or of antimony sulfide or of other photoconducting materials.

Another important modification of the vacuum tube 16b was accomplished by eliminating the photoemissive electrode 33. In this embodiment of invention as shown in tube in FIGURE lc, the fluorescent light scans directly the photoemissive mosaic 34C. The emission of photoelectrons from the photoemissive mosaic 34C produces signals in the capacitatively coupled signal plate 34a. These signals are converted into video signals in the manner well known in the art.

In the examination of stationary objects my intrascopc -may be further simplified by using as a source of scanning light instead of a vacuum tube 16:1, a steady source of light suoh as an electrical vbulb 74 in combination with an oscillating mirror 73 or -rotating drum as shown in FIG. lc. The oscillating mirror or drum is limited in frequency of oscillations therefore video signals produced by this device must be stored until the whole image is assembled. It is also possible to use instead of a storage tube for video signals, a receiver tube such as a kinescope having a memory screen such as dark trace screen. Also a facsimile receiver :can be used for this purpose. The pick-up tube 75 `may be also simplified by eliminating the electrode 33 as was explained above. The oscillating mirror .may be mounted on a pivot and may be energized by solenoids through which the cur-rent of thigh frequency is flowing. One set of coils serve to move the mirror in horizontal axis. Another set of coils is vibrating the mirror on vertical axis. The action of both coils makes the mirror oscillate in such a manner that the light reflected by said mirror will scan the area on which it is projected in the same manner as the ying spot which is produced by a cathode-ray tube. The construction of an oscillating mirror is well known in the art and it is believed therefore that its further detailed description will only serve to complicate the drawings.

The electron beam 33a may be of high velocity such as used in the iconoscope type of television pick-up tubes or may be of a slow velocity. In this embodiment of my invention, I use the slow scanning electron beam. It is to be understood however that the fast scanning electron beam may be used in my invention as well. The electron beam 33a scanning across the charge image stored in the mosaic 34C converts said image into electrical signals which appear at the signal plate 34a. These electrical signals can be converted into video signals over the `resistance in the manner well known in the art. The video signals are transmitted by the ilexible coaxial cable 43 from the intrascope within the examined part to the video amplifiers 43a outside of said part. The amplified signals are transmitted from the amplifiers to the viewing tube of kinescope type 37 and are reconstructed therein into the visible image representing the image of the examined part. 'Ilhe viewing tube may be of kinescope type and does not have to he described in detail -as it is well known in the art. The examined part will appear on the uorescent screen 37a of the viewing tube where it can be inspected by many examiners. Transmission of the image from the amplifier 43a to the viewing tube can be done by coaxial cable 43 or by high frequency waves. The image can be sent therefore not only to the immediate, but also to the remote receivers or may be transmitted to multiple independent viewing tubes for the benefit of many examiners which was one of the objectives of this invention. The image on the viewing tube 37 may also be photographed simultaneously with the intrascope examination in order to make a permanent record which was another purpose of this invention.

The contrast of the reproduced image may be changed, diminished or increased according to the needs of pra-rticular examination by using ampliers provided with variable mu tubes, or by the use of a kinescope in which the gamma can be controlled. 'Ihe signal to noise ratio of this system and therefore the definition of Jthe reproduced image may be improved by using in the ampliiers discriminating circuits which reject signals below the predetermined amplitude and eliminate therefore most of the noise signals. The coaxial cable 43 within the examined part may be encased in the above described means 26 or 26a for inserting the intrascope or may be attached to them.

The voltages for the operation of the tubes 16a and 16b are supplied through the exible elastic Wires 8a from the source of the electrical power 9 outside of the examined part. In the same way the horizontal and vertical synchronizing circuits, focusing elds and deflecting circuits are supplied with electrical energy from the outside sounce of power 9. The synchronizing and deflecting circuits and focusing fields are not described in detail as they are well known in the art and it is believed they would only .complicate the drawings. In some cases the coaxial cable 43` may be outside of said inserting means 26 or 26a.

'Ilhe housing 14 containing the television camera can be rotated in its position in the intrascope so that the opti-cal system 15 can be made to face the window 18 or 18a and to see thereby various areas of the circumference of the examined part. The rotation of the camera can be accomplished by means of a .pusher 15a which fits into extensions 10b of the box 14. The rotation of the camera may be preferable in some cases to the rotation of the whole intrascope which accomf plishes the same purpose.

The main rigid portion of the flexible intrascope is the television Icamer-a '16. Therefore the shorter the television camera is, the easier it will be for the intrascope to pass through sharply angulated or curved passages. :One o f the advantages of the novel pick-up tube 16 is that it makes it possible to break up the smallest pick-up tube into two component parts such as tubes 16a and 16b and introduce each of said tubes into the examined part separately, reducing thereby considerably the rigid portion of the intrascope which is `due to the television camera, as shown in FIGURE la.

To accomplish these objectives the flexible intrascope 1a is introduced rst into the examined part wihile containing only the box housing the light source 7. Inside of tbe intrascope 1a, shown in FIGURE 1a: proximally to the box 5 there is a ring-like partition which serves :as a stop Z7 for the pick-up tube 16b which is to be introduced later. It is obvious that the shape of this stop may vary. The rest of the intrascope 1a is empty. The intrascope 1a is introduced rst into the examined part. As the only rigid part of the intrascope is now the box 5 which is very small, this intrascope can easily pass even though very narrow and curved pas-sages. After the intrascope 1a has been introduced into the examined part for a desired distance which can be read easily on the markings provided on the outside wall of the intrascope, the next step begins. Now the housing box 14b in which the vacuum pick-up tube 16b is mounted is -introduced linto the intrascope. The housing box 14b is pushed into the intrascope, until it reaches the stop 27. The box '14b may be held against the stop 27 by spring extensions 27a, as shown in FIG- URE 1, on said stop 27. The housing box 14h may be pushed into it-s position by a flexible elastic pusher 15a which is fitted into the proximal end of the housing box 14h. For this purpose the housing box 14b is provided with a ringlike extension a at its base which has spring-like properties. 'I'he head of the exible pusher a fits 4into this extension and is kept in position by it. The flexible pusher 15a may also be provided with electrical coils 6a at its distal end which is adjacent to the elernent to be introduced into the intrascope. The coils 6a are connected to the source of electrical power situated outside of the examined part. In this way, the head of the pusher may be 'given electro-magnetic properties by closing the circuit, energizing said coils 6a. The pusher 15a will be held t'herefore in the elements to be introduced into the intrascope, such as boxes 14a, 14b or the optical system 15, not only by the mechanical pressure of the extenlsions 1G21, or lilb, but by magnetic attraction as well. When the pusher 4'15a is to be withdrawn, the current supplying the Icoils l6a is shut olf. To facilitate the guiding of the box 14b into the intrascope, a set of threads 86, as shown in FIGURE 1b may be used which are at one end attached to the stop 27, and which are threaded through the perforations in the extension-s 87 of the housing box 14b. After the box 14h has been introduced into its proper position in the intrascope, the pusher 15a is removed. Another set of threads 89 is attached to the extensions 88 in t-he housing unit 14b and serves to pull out said box 14b to the exterior of the examined part when the examination is nished. This arrangement is shown in FIGURE 1b.

The housing box may be omitted in some Cases and the tube 16b may be introduced into the intrascope without any housing and will be held in position by the same means as described above for holding the box 14b.

After the box 14h with the tube 16b has been introduced, the box 14a housing the tube 16a is introduced now into the intrascope in a similar manner as was described above. Both boxes 14b and 14a have openings at their proximal and distal ends respectively, which makes it possible to bring the fluorescent screen 31 of the tube 16a in close apposition to the photoemissive electrode 33 in the tube 16a. The boxes 14a and 14b are provided with mechanical means for securing a good contact of the proximal end of the tube leb with the distal end of the tube 16a. One way of providing such a contact is to make the compartment 14a tit inside of the spring-like llange 27a at the proximal end of the compartment 14h. The housing box 14a contains vacuum tube 16a which has -been described above. The housing box 14a is pro- `vided with spring-like extensions 10b which serve to accommodate the head of the pusher 15a.

The housing box 14a is pushed into the intrascope until it reaches the position of the stop 27b. The stop 27b is so situated that when the housing box 14a reaches it the tubes 16h and 16a will be in apposition to each other. In some cases flexible coils which can be converted into magnets by passing through them an alternating current from an outside source of electrical power may be provided on the stops 27 and 27b or at extensions 10a or 10b of the intrascope to help the positioning of boxes 14a and Mb. In this way the rigid portion of the intrascope which has to pass through a narrow passage or acute curvature is now only a fraction of the rigid part of intrascopes which use even the smallest pick-up tube of conventional type. This represents an important improvement as it makes it possible to introduce the intrascope into parts which were not accessible previously to examination.

It should be understood that all my intrascopes can serve for producing `and transmitting color images as well. The color system may be of mechanical type such as using a color wheel, or may be of electronic type, such as using an optical system to split the light image into its component colors and to project them on television pickup system.

In some applications even my novel intrascopic device cannot be introduced through the narrow or angulated passages. For such cases I designed a novel apparatus which will overcome even 18() to 360 bends in passages. FIGURE 2 shows this embodiment of my invention. The intrascope 50 is provided with a novel image conductor 51. The inage"conductor-w51" consists of multiple fibers of material having a high refractive index such -as quartz, rutile or special plastics. In many applications the image conductor must be flexible and easily malleable. In such cases acrylic plastics such as Lucite or polystyrenes may be used. Especially Lucite is suitable for this purpose because it causes smaller losses of conducted light than other materials. Lucite and other above mentioned materials characterized by a high refractive index have the property of internal reflection of the light conducted by them. Such materials cannot conduct a whole image as such but they can conduct 4well a light signal. The size of the image point I found is determined by the diameter of a single conducting fiber 52. In my image conductor I assembled ya bundle of such fibers which form a mosaiclike end-face and which therefore can conduct a plurality of image points. All these image points will reproduce at the other end-face of the image conductor the original image provided that the image conducting fibers remain in their original spatial relationship. Each fiber 52 should have, as was explained above, a diameter corresponding to the size of one image point. The diameter of 0.1 millimeter is well suitable for the purposes of my invention. In order to conduct an image of an area, eg. of one square centimeter we must have many bers 52, the number `of fibers being dependent on the resolution of: reproduced image that we desire. If the resolution of the conducted image should be 4 lines per millimeter, and if the image is of one square centimeter in size, -we will need 40 fibers of 0.25 millimeter in diameter. As in many examinations it is not practical to be limited to the field of 1 om?, I preferably use a few hundred of such fibers combined in one image conductor, which will allow it to transmit an image of a large area.

The light conducting fibers should be polished on their external surface very exactly. They may be also preferably coated with a very thin light opaque layer which should have a lower index of retraction than the light conducting fiber itself. Such coating may have a thickness of only a few microns. I found a great improvement of liexibility of the light conductor 5l can be obtained Iby having the light conducting fibers 52 glued together only at their end-faces 51a and Sib. This is a very important feature of my device `because the main requirement from the light conductor 5I is its flexibility and malleability. If the fibers 52 are glued together along their entire length the iiexibility and maileability is so much reduced that it may be not possible to use it in many examinations in which the walls or passages are fragile and may be damaged by a rigid instrument. I found unexpectedly that having the conducting bers 52 free along their path between the end-faces will not cause any deterioration of the conducted image. I found that in spite of the fact that fibers between their end surfaces were freely movable there was no blurring of the conducted image. It must be understood however that the fibers 52 at both endfaces of the conductor 51 must rigidly maintain their spatial relationship. Another im portant feature of this construction is that the diameter of the light conductor Si can 'be now increased because no space consuming `binder or glue is present ybetween the fibers 52 except at their end-faces. Instead of using the 'hinder at the end-faces of fibers 52, they may also be held together at their encl-faces by a fine mesh screen. Each fiber is threaded through one opening of said mesh screen and is held by said screen in constant position.

It may be added that smaller losses of light may be obtained if the fibers 52 are hollow inside instead of being solid. An improvement in contrast of conducted images can be obtained by coating light conducting fibers S2 with an opaque material which eliminates the leakage of light from one fiber to the adjacent one.

The number of fibers that can be used in many examinations will be limited by the diameter of the passages through which my intrascope has to pass. As in many situations the channel may be only l-2 cm. wide it will be impossible to use a great number of fibers. I succeeded in overcoming this limitation, by using in combination the light conductor 51 with a demagnifying optical system 53. By the use of the demagnifying optical system I can reduce the examined field to the diameter of the image conductor 51. If the optical system will demagnify the image five times, I can examine a field having cm.'- with the image conductor having the diameter of only 1 cm?. This combination represents a very important feature ol my invention as it is not always practical or feasible to limit the examined field only to the diameter of the image conductor. Another important feature of my optical system 53 is that it -allows projection of the image on the end-face 51a of the light image conductor through which it can be transmitted to the other end of the conductor. If the image were projected on the side of the conductor 51 instead of on its end-face, it would not be conducted at all. This is accomplished by means of the gable prism 53a.

The light image conductor 51 may be introduced into an examined part simultaneously with the intrascope. In some cases it is preferable to introduce my intrascope rst and then insert the image conductor 51 or 70 into intrascope. In some cases the gable prism 53a or the whole optical system 53 may be attached to the end-face 51a of the image conductor to make one unit. The novel intrascope may have the same construction of other parts as was explained above and illustrated in FIGURES l, la and 1b.

FIGURE 2 shows the novel intrascope which comprises my novel image conductor system. The end-face 51a serves to receive the image. As was explained above the image is projected on the endeface 51a by the optical system 53 and is at the same time demagnified to reduce the size of the image to the size of the cross-section of the image conductor 51. The image is conducted by the multiple flexible fibers 52 which form the image conductor to the end-face Sib. The image emerging from the end-face Sib is projected by the optical system Sit on the television piclcup tube 55. If necessary the optical system 5ftmay be of the magnifying type to enlarge the previously demagnied image of the examined part. The television pick-up tube 55 may be of the novel type described and illustrated in FIGURES 1, 1a, and 1b. It should be understood however that all types of television pick-up tubes can be used in my intrascope in combination with image conductor 51. The television pick-up tube may be of the conventional vacuum tube type. The television pick-up tube may `be of photo-emissive type, photoconductive type, or photovoltaic type. The television pick-up tube may be of velocity modulation type. The television pick-up tube may use fast or slow scanning electron beam. The novelty or the combination of my image conductor with my television pick-up system resides in the ability of the intrascope provided with this combination to penetrate into locations which were inaccessible to my television pick-up system and to transmit said image from said inaccessible locations to the television pick-up tube. The television piclcup tube can then transmit the image to the outside of the examined part by `means of coaxial cables and it can do it regardless of the distance between the television tube and the outside. The image conductor on the other hand is limited in the ability to conduct an image to the length of about 15 cm. because of prohibitive losses of light. Therefore the combination of the image conductor with a television turbe represents an important improvement in the art of examining recesses inaccessible to direct visualization or to conventional optical systems. It should be understood that my system will be also capable of producing color images. For this purpose the revolving color wheel 56a may be provided in front of the television camera 55. Instead of the color wheel an optical system may be provided which splits the image into two or three color iml 1 ages and projects said images on different parts of the photocathode. It should be understood therefore that my invention may use all types of television pick-up tubes which can produce color images.

I found that the image conductor 51 causes severe losses of light. This loss of light is dependent of the length of the image conductor, on the number of bends and the angle of said bends to which the image conductor is subject in its passage to the examined part. I found that -losses of iight become prohibitive when the length of the conductor is about 15 cm. In some examinations the television pick-up tube cannot be activated `with the amount of light available after the passage through the image conductor, because the optical system 54 disposed between the image conductor and the television pick-up tube causes an additional loss of 95% of useful light. In such cases I use the embodiment of my invention shown in FIGURES 2a or 2b. In this modification of my invention the image conductor extends through the wall 55a of the pick-up tube 55 inside of the tube. The photoelectric photocathode 56 is now deposited on the end-face Slb of the image conductor. The photocathode 56 may be of the photoemissive type as shown in FIGURE 2a or photoconductive type as shown in FIGURE 2b. In this construction the loss of light caused by the optical system 54 is completely eliminated which represents a twentyfold increase in light available for the television pick-up tube and which makes the television pick-up tube now responsive to the image. The image conductor is cemented to the end wall 55a of the tube 55 by the vacuum type seal. In some cases it may be preferable to provide a support for the light image conductor near the face 55a of the television tube to reduce the pull of the image conductor 51 against the wall of the pick-up tube.

Another modification of my intrascope is shown in FIGURE 3a. In this embodiment of the invention the image conductor 51 has its end-face 51a adjacent to the distal end of the intrascope. The window 91 can be opened yby mechanical means which are well known in the art and the end-face 51a of the image conductor 51 may be brought slightly forward. This will result in apposition of the image conductor with the examined part. In this embodiment of the invention the light source for illumination of the examined part may be provided at the proximal end 51h of the image conductor. The light source 7a projects the light onto mirror which has the property of partly reflecting and partly transmitting the light. Such mirrors are well known in the art and it is believed therefore that their detailed description is not necessary. The light reflected by the mirror 5S is conducted by the image conductor 51 to the examined part and forms an image thereof. This light is reiiected next by the examined part and returns again through the image conductor 51 to the outside. As the mirror 58 is half-reflecting and half-transparent the image of the examined part can pass through the mirror 58 and be focused by the optical system on the photocathode of the television pick-up tube.

Another preferred embodiment of my invention is shown in FIGURE 3. The intrascope in this modification consists of a rigid part, flexible part 2a and semi-flexible tip 3. The mechanical construction of these parts is the same as described above and does not have to be repeated. The internal image producing and transmitting structures of the flexible part 2a are completely different. In particular the illuminating system 7 is replaced `in this modification by the flying spot kinescope. The miniature flying spot kinescope 16a or 76 was shown in FIGURE 1 and is a vacuum tube provided with an electron gun 28 producing a fine beam of electrons 29, with circuits 30a and 30b for deilecting said electron beam in two mutually perpendicular directions and lalso having a screen 3l coated with a fluorescent material. The electron gun consists of an electron emission source and an electron-optical systeml to focus the electrons into a tine beam. The

fluorescent screen of the kinescope must be of a phosphor of a very short persistence in order to obtain a good resolution of image. ZnO phosphor has decay time of one microsecond and is suitable therefore for this purpose. Still better results will be obtained by applying ZnS phosphor and utilizing only the ultra-violet component of its fluorescent emission, which has the decay time of 1/10 microsecond. The electron beam of the kinescope has to scan the fluorescent screen in a predetermined pattern. This scanning motion of the electron beam is obtained by the electro-static or magnetic fields 30a or 30h, which produce deflection of said beam. This scanning electron beam 28 produces a scanning light spot which illuminates the examined part through window 12 and produces successive image points of said examined part. Successive image points are admitted through window 18 into intrascope and are projected by the optical system 15 on the end-face of the image conductor '77. The image conductor 77 in this modification of my invention consists of a single rod of material, which is flexible and has a high index of refraction, such as Lucite, acrylic plastics, poly-styrenes or other materials. As was explained above, such materials cannot conduct an image. They can conduct a light signal only. In my novel device, the image is produced 'by a rapid succession of single image points. Each image point can be conducted by the conductor 77, because it represents only one signal. Each conducted image point, after it emerges from the conductor 77, is projected on a single or plural phototubes or photocells and is converted thereby into an electrical signal. If a black and white image is sufficient, only one phototube 78 has to be used. The phototube converts, as was explained above, each light image point into an electrical signal. The successive electrical signals are conducted by flexible coaxial cables 81 to the outside of the intrascope and of the examined part. These transmitted electrical signals are next fed into appropriate receivers, such as kinescopes, facsimile receivers or skiatrons, known also as a dark trace tube, and are reconverted into a visible image for inspection or for photographic recording. In case a color image of the examined part is necessary, we may use two or three phototubes or photocells. The phototube 78a will -serve to receive red image points; phototube 78h will serve to receive green image points, and phototube 78C will receive blue image points. A white light image point may be split into its component colors 'by the use of -a suitable optical system. Dichroic mirrors are useful for this purpose. It should lbe understood, however, that there are many optical means that can be used instead of said dichroic mirrors. In some cases, it is preferable to use, instead of dichroic mirrors, the rotating color disc 58a. The importance of this construction lies in the fact that I may use now one phototube or one photocell instead of three phototubes, which will markedly reduce the size of the intrascope. In this modification, the speed of the flying spot produced by the kinescope 76 has to be increased so that the whole examined area may be illuminated during the time in which one of three color filters of the disc 56 is in front of the single phototube 78. The rotating color wheel 56 may be set in motion 'by a miniature motor, such as used in electrical wrist watches, and which may be disposed within the intrascope. In such a case, the color wheel may be mounted on the shaft of said motor. In some cases it is preferable to have the motor disposed outside of the examined part. In .such event, the motor may be connected with the rotating disc 56 by means of flexible cables or the power may 'be transmitted from the motor to the disc by pneumatic means or hydraulic means. The pressure exerted by the motor or a column of air or fluid is propagated by said pneumatic or hydraulic means to the disc and will cause its rotation.

The reproduction of color images may be improved by having in front of each phototube or photocell 78a, 78b and 78C, suita-ble filters 79a, 79b and 79C, which transmit only red, green and blue light respectively.

It should 'be understood that all types of phototubes or photocells may be used for purposes of my invention. In particular I may use phototubes of photoem-issive type, of photo-conductive type or photo-voltaic type. The photocells having silicon, germanium or bismuth in combination with antimony or aluminum with antimony are most suitable because such photocells show high frequency response, which is necessary for the operation of my device. Also modified photo-transistors, which have a large photosensitive surface in contradistinction to the conventional ones, in which the photo-sensitive area is very small, may be used in my invention.

It may be added that when dealing with short distances, which do not cause a prohibitive loss of light, the light conductor 77 may extend to the outside of the examined part and the image then may be examined directly without the need of conversion ofilight image points into electrical signals, as was explained above and illustrated in FIGURE 3. In such cases the image points which appear successively at the end-face 77b of the light conductor 77, may -be projected by an optical lens and may be seen by the exam-incr directly because, due to the persistence of vision, the successive image points conducted by the conductor 77 will reproduce a total image in the retina of the examiner.

In some cases the light conductor 77 does not have to extend to the outside of the examined part, but it may be used in combination with an optical system, which will deliver the light image from the end-face 77h of the conductor to the outside of the examined part. This arrangement is feasible only in locations in which the course of the examined passages between the end-face 77b of the conductor and the outside Lis well known in advance, so that a suitable optical system can be provided.

In Isome applications where the distance between the examined part and the outside is small, also the image conductor which consists of a plurality of fibers conducting light may be used without a television system. This embodiment of my invention is shown in FIGURE 4. The light image produced `by the light source 7 is conducted by the image conductor 70 to the outside where it can be examined visually, recorded or photographed. In some cases the light conductor 70 does not have to extend to the outside of the examined part because the course of the examined part becomes straight. In this event it is preferable to combine the light image conductor with an additional optical system which will project the image from the intrascope to the outside of the examined part.

Another embodiment of my invention is shown in FIGURE in which the light source is disposed outside of the examined part and is projected onto the end-face of the image conductor 7u by the half-reflecting and halftransparent mirror 58, as was explained above.

The light image of the examined part which is transmitted by the image conductor 70 to the outside in some cases may be too weak for visual inspection and may require dark adaptation of the eyes. In such cases the image will be also too weak for photographing. For such examinations I made a modication of my invention which is shown in FIGURE 6. In this embodiment of my invention the image conductor 70 is inserted into vacuum tube 60 through its wall 60a. The photocathode 61 `of the vacuum tube which may be of photoemissive type or photoconductive type is deposited on the end-face 5111 of the image conductor. The light emerging from the end-face 51b can now excite the photocathode 61 as the optical system is eliminated, which as was explained is causing a prohibitive loss of light. The electrons emitted from the photocathode 61 are imaged by magnetic or electrostatic lenses 64 and are focused on the fluorescent screen 62 disposed at the other end of the tube and protected -by the light-reecting layer 62a such as of aluminum. The electron image may be also intensified by accelerating fields 64. Fur- 14 thermore it may be intensified by electron-optical diminution which results in an increase in intensity proportional to the square power of linear demagnification.

This may be accomplished by means of electromagnetic 63 or electrostatic lenses 64. The electrostatic lenses may be in the form of a series of cylinders or rings of progressively smaller diameter. They are disposed inside of the tube and are connected to an outside source of potential. The magnetic or electromagnetic lenses may lbe in the form of coils surrounding the tube from outside. Such coils may be tapered or may be in the form of a short coil extending from some point between the photocathode 61 and the fluorescent screen 62, up to said tiuorescent screen 62. The intensified image which appears on the fluorescent screen can be inspected visually by the observer directly or may be first magnified by an optical eye-piece 64a. The optical magnification of the electron-optically diminished image does not result in its loss of brightness as long as said magnification does not exceed certain limits. In this way the intensification of the image obtained by means of electron-optical diminution is not lost although the image is magnified again optically. Therefore the image of the examined part which was too Weak for examination can now be presented with necessary brightness.

The use of the image tube 60 may also be necessary when using as image forming radiation invisible radiation such as ultra-violet or infra-red. In cases in which the preservation of light is not critical it may be possible to project the image emerging from end-face 51h of the image conductor 70 on the photocathode 61 of the image tube by optical means. In cases in which the definition of the reproduced image is not important, the end-face 51h of the image conductor 70 may be attached to the end-face of the image tube to be in tight apposition to the external surface of the image tube 60. The thickness of the wall of the image tube 60 which separates the end-face 51h of the image conductor from the photocathode 61 will cause however a marked blurring of the image. The image tube may be also advantageously used within the intrascope in order to intensify the weak image emerging from the end-face of the image conductor before it is projected on the television pick-up tube. In this embodiment the image tube has to be ofw miniature size. This can be accomplished by eliminating focusing electrodes and bringing the photocathode 61 very close to the fluorescent image reproducing screen 62 to prevent blurring of the electron image.

In some cases it is preferably to use as the light 7a or 65 for illumination of the examined part a polarized light. The image conducted by the image conductor to the observer is not polarized any more due to multiple reflections. Therefore by providing means which will stop the polarized light from reaching the observer but will transmit the non-polarized light, the contrast of the examined part will be markedly improved. This construction is of critical importance, in devices in which the light for illumination of the examined part has to be delivered to the examined part by the same image conductor which serves to return the image to the observer. There are many ways in the art to eliminate the polarized light. FIGURE 5 shows one of the means suitable for the purpose of this invention. The rotating prism 59 serves to `stop the polarized light from the source 65 and it will at the same time transmit the non-polarized light. The resulting improvement in contrast will make my device operative in many cases in which without this improvement it would not be feasible to examine the received image.

It should be clearly understood that all my intrascopes can serve and produce and transmit color images as well.

It is also to be understood that in some applications the encasing means for the image conductor or for pickup tubes may be omitted.

My invention is not limited to visible light images. All my intrascopes may be made responsive to invisible ima-ges on either side of visible spectrum by using an appropriate photo-sensitive layer in the photocathode of the television pick-up tube. It is to be understood that all my intrascopes may serve for receiving images formed not only lby various electromagnetic radiations such as ultra-violet, infra-red, etc., but also by particle radiation such as neutrons, alpha-particles, protons, electrons or by ions. In such cases the photocathode of the pick-up tube described above may be provided with an atomic particle sensitive phosphor on the side facing said image, or may have a Ispecial electron or other atomic particle emissive photocathode.'

The embodiment of my invention illustrated in FIG- URE may be also modified by using instead of the image conductor '70, which consists of plural fibers 52, the conductor 77, which consists of one solid rod of material conducting light, as `was explained above. In order to make this modification operative, I found that the source of light must be able to produce a scanning light illumination. Therefore, instead of the electrical bulb 65 I use in this embodiment of `my invention the flying spot of light produced iby a vacuum tube 16a or 76, las was `described above. The remaining parts of my device may be the same as shown in FIGURE 5.

I `also found that 4the novel image conductors 51, 70 or 77 may transmit not only white light -but also infrared light and ultra-violet light. It is to be understood therefore that the term light as used in my disclosure embraces the visible light as well as the invisible.

Another important discovery was that supersonic waves can be Ialso conducted by the conductors 51, 70 or 77. By using as a source of image 'forming radiation piezoelectric or magnet-ostrictive means, we may produce supe-rsonic images of the examined part. Piezoelectric means may be in the form of oscillating crystals of quartz, titanate compounds, Rochelle salts and other similar materials.

As various possible embodiments might be made of the above invention, and as various changes might be made in the embodiment above set forth, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying `drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative Iand not in a limiting sense.

I claim:

1. A vacuum tube comprising in combination a plurality of members conducting a light image by internal reflection o-f said light within said members and conducting all of said image, said conducting members being solid, and image responsive means mounted within said tube, said members having a core of material transparent to said light and having a high index of refraction and each of said members provided with its own individual coating means, said coating means being of a lower index of refraction than said core, said coating means mounted on each of said members and preventing spreading of said light from one of sai-d members to another member, said coating means being of the thickness not exceeding a few microns, one endface of all of said light conducting members lbeing mounted within said tube, facing inside of said `'tu-be and having said image responsive means mounted on said endface of essentially all said members.

2. A device as defined in claim 1 in which said light 16 conducting members are within the endwall of said tube and form at least a part of said endwall.

3. A device las defined in claim 1, in which said coating means are light opaque, and said light conducting members are within the endwall of said tube and form at least a part of said endwall.

4. A device as defined in claim 1, in which said image responsive means consist only of photoelectric means.

5. A device `as defined in claim 4, which comprises in addition image reproducing means.

6. A device as defined in claim 4, which comprises in addition means for converting said conducted image into electrical signals.

7. A device as defined in claim 4, in which said photoelectric means emit a beam of free electrons, and which device comprises in addition an image reproducing screen comprising Ia light reflecting layer and fluorescent means for receiving said electrons.

8. A device as defined in claim 7, which comprises in addition electron-optical means demagnifying said electron beam.

9. A device as defined in claim 4, in which said light conducting members are within the endwall of said tube and form at least a part of said endwall.

10. A device as dened in claim 9, which comprises in addition image reproducing means.

11. A device as defined in claim 9, which com-prises in addition means for converting said conducted image into electrical signals.

12. A device as defined in claim 9, in which said photoelectric means emit a beam of free electrons, and which device Icomprises in addition 4an image reproducing screen comprising a light reflecting layer and fluorescent means for receiving said electrons.

13. A device as defined in claim 12, in which said photoelectric means comprise antimony.

14. A device as defined in claim 4, in Which said photoelectric means emit a beam of free electrons, and which device comprises in addition an image reproducing screen comprising a light reflecting layer and fluorescent means for receiving said electrons.

15. A `device as defined in claim 14, which comprises in addition electron-opti-cal means demagnifying said electron beam.

References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,751,584 3/1930 Hansell 250-227 X 2,151,785 3/1939 Lubszynski et al. 250--213 X 2,692,341 10/1954 Schagen et al Z50-213 2,821,637 1/1958 Roberts et al. 250-213 2,877,368 3/1959 Sheldon 88-1 3,027,477 3/ 1962 Sheldon.

FOREIGN PATENTS 285,738 2/1928 Great Britain. 841,200 7/ 1960 Great Britain.

OTHER REFERENCES Hopkins et al.: A Flexible Fibrescope, Using Static Scanning, in Nature, 173 (4392), pp. 39-41, January 2, 1954.

Van Heel: A New Method of Transporting Optical Images without Aberrations, in Nature, 173 (4392); p. 39, January 2, 1954.

RALPH G. NILSON, Prima/y Examiner.

M, A LEAVITT, Assistant Examiner,

Disclaimer and Dedication 3,305,690.Edwa1d Emanuel Sheldon, New York, N Y. ELECTRON DIS- CHARGE DEVICE VITH FIBER OPTIC END WALL. Patent dated Feb. 21, 1967. Disclaimer and dedication filed Nov. 1, 1976, by the assignee,Ame1z'ca/n Optical Gaf/poration Hereby disclaims and dedicates to the Public the remaining term of said patent.

[Ocz'al Gazette Febmary 8, 1.977.] 

1. A VACUUM TUBE COMPRISING IN COMBINATION A PLURALITY OF MEMBERS CONDUCTING A LIGHT IMAGE BY INTERNAL REFLECTION OF SAID LIGHT WITHIN SAID MEMBERS AND CONDUCTING ALL OF SAID IMAGE, SAID CONDUCTING MEMBERS BEING SOLID, AND IMAGE RESPONSIVE MEANS MOUNTED WITHIN SAID TUBE, SAID MEMBERS HAVING A CORE OF MATERIAL TRANSPARENT TO SAID LIGHT AND HAVING A HIGH INDEX OF REFRACTION AND EACH OF SAID MEMBERS PROVIDED WITH ITS OWN INDIVIDUAL COATING MEANS, SAID COATING MEANS BEING OF A LOWER INDEX OF REFRACTION THAN SAID CORE, SAID COATING MEANS MOUNTED ON EACH OF SAID MEMBERS AND PREVENTING SPREADING OF SAID LIGHT FROM ONE OF SAID MEMBERS TO ANOTHER MEMBER, SAID COATING MEANS BEING OF THE THICKNESS NOT EXCEEDING A FEW MICRONS, ONE ENDFACE OF ALL OF SAID LIGHT CONDUCTING MEMBERS BEING MOUNTED WITHIN SAID TUBE, FACING INSIDE OF SAID TUBE AND HAVING SAID IMAGE RESPONSIVE MEANS MOUNTED ON SAID ENDFACE OF ESSENTIALLY ALL SAID MEMBERS. 